Abstract:

This research deals with estimating the likely switch of own car and private vehicles modes

users to public transport modes in the main cities as Tripoli Capital city of Libya due to

reduced travel time of all trips influenced by travel costs through the introducing the public

transport modes such as public buses and increasing cost of car parking. The data on other

factors (variables) that could potentially reason a model switch of from own cars and private

transport to public transport were collected through a survey (questionnaire) with a specified

preference approach. Mode-switch models to describe the switch of behaviour of own car

operators to public transport are developed. A binary logit regression model was used to

assessment the transport displacement model for work and study trips. Mode-switch

likelihood curves have also, been developed to serve as a user-friendly tool to analyse the

likely model-switch for a variety of variables. One way to achieve this objective is by

establishing reserved public transport lanes on main urban Tripoli city roads. The providing of

private road lanes will reduce the level of road traffic congestion and this may effect in a

switch of all or some private transport mode users to public transport modes.

Key words: Own car, Public transport modes, logit model, Travel time, Travel cost, parking

cost and switch probabilities.

Abstract

This qualitative research has been explored factors affecting English language learner performance and teacher effectiveness. Specifically, it has been investigated key elements impacting English language teacher effectiveness and learner proficiency, grounded in established theoretical frameworks and prior research. The study has been aimed to understand how to enhance the English language teaching process by addressing challenges originating from teachers. It has been provided a clear definition of an effective teacher and clarified the meaning of "effectiveness" within language instruction. Furthermore, it has been elucidated the characteristics of effective language teachers and presented a comprehensive understanding of professionalism and teacher professional development. It also has been explored teachers' perceptions regarding the qualities of effective English language instructors and outlined concrete steps for impactful professional development initiatives. Furthermore, it has been identified common challenges in teaching English effectively faced by educators and have been proposed practical remedies to overcome these obstacles. Finally, it has been concluded with recommendations for the Ministry of Education, advocating for systemic interventions that influence policy, resource allocation, and national strategy to cultivate a culture of continuous learning and excellence among English language teachers.

Keywords: English Language Learners, Teacher Effectiveness, Learner Proficiency, Professional Development, English Language Teaching, Pedagogical Challenges, Teacher Professionalism, Educational Policy.

This paper proposes a novel robust blind color image watermarking technique that combines entropy analysis, lifting wavelet transform (LWT), QR factorization, and discrete cosine transform (DCT) for copyright protection. The RGB components of the color image are first separated, and the R component is then subjected to the 2-level LWT. Following DCT is applied to the 2-level LWT's high-frequency sub-band, the DCT coefficients are separated into 4x4 non-overlapping blocks. Each chosen block is then subjected to QR factorization, and the watermark is embedded in the first row and first column element of the upper triangular matrix. Numerous simulated tests show that the presented scheme is highly imperceptible and robust to attacks. The presented watermarking scheme performs better than the others in terms of invisibility, according to comparisons with comparable schemes.

This research deals with estimating the likely switch of car ownership drivers and private transport vehicles modes

users to public transportation system (PT) modes in the main cities as Tripoli Capital city of Libya due to reduced

shopping travel time of all trips influenced by age, household size. Car ownership and shopping distance through

the introducing the public transport modes such as public buses. The data on other factors (variables) that could

potentially reason a model switch of from car ownership drivers and private transport vehicles modes users to

public transport were collected through a survey (questionnaire) with a specified predilection method. Modeswitch models to describe the switch of conduct of own car operators to PT system are developed. A binary

logistic regression model was used to assessment the transport displacement model for shopping trips. Probability

curves have been developed to change the position so that it is a user-friendly tool for analysing the potential

transformation Model of a variety of variables. One way to achieve this objective is by establishing reserved

public transportation lanes on main urban Tripoli city roads. The providing of private road lanes will increase of

service road level and reduce the level of road traffic congestion and this may effect in a switch of all or some

private transport mode users to public transport modes.

Key words: Own car, Public transport modes, logit model, shopping Travel time, shopping distance, age, car

ownership and switch probabilities, likelihood..

• This paper investigates innovative cooling techniques for gas turbine combustor walls, crucial for maintaining durability and functionality in high-temperature conditions. Focusing on the combustor liner, the study examines the progression from traditional cooling methods such as louver and splash cooling to advanced techniques like transpiration cooling, which significantly reduces cooling air requirements by up to 50%. Using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis, the research evaluates convection cooling in ducts with 5 mm and 10 mm gap configurations, testing various inlet velocities. The results demonstrate that the narrower 5 mm gap offers a slightly higher cooling efficiency, achieving approximately 70% optimal cooling effectiveness. The study underscores the effectiveness of (CFD) in predicting temperature distributions and optimizing turbine design.

Abstract:- This paper introduces a technique for modeling and effectively controlling the trajectory tracking of a robotic manipulator through an LQG controller optimized by the IPSO algorithm. Extensive simulations have been conducted within the MATLAB simulation environment. The LQG, which combines a Kalman Filter (KF) and a Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR), is developed to follow the desired input for the robotic manipulator while minimizing the impact of process and measurement noise on its performance. The parameters of the LQG controller, which include the elements of the state and control weighting matrices for the LQR and KF, are optimally adjusted using the IPSO method. The validation of the proposed hybrid LQG-IPSO controller is conducted based on the control criteria parameters. The findings demonstrate that the proposed hybrid LQGIPSO controller can achieve excellent movement performance. To fully leverage the capabilities of the IPSO algorithm, careful adjustment and determination of IPSO parameters such as inertia weight, iteration count, acceleration constants, and particle quantity are essential. Therefore, The initial focus of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of various fitness functions; simulation results indicate that the proposed hybrid LQGIPSO control method achieves commendable fitness outcomes with minimal steady-state error (ess). Following this, a comparison of the performances of a robotic manipulator using the hybrid LQG-IPSO controller, hybrid LQR-IPSO controller, LQG controller, and LQR controller is also presented. Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that superior performance parameters are attained with the hybrid LQG-IPSO controller when compared to its counterparts—the hybrid LQR-IPSO controller, LQG controller, and LQR controller—offering enhanced performance.

Keyw Keywords: Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) controller, Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) controller, Improved Particle Swarm Optimization (IPSO) algorithm, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm and MATLAB etc

Abstract: This paper presents simulation technique for life assessment of the insulation of the power transformer. Load and ambient temperatures are two important factors that influence the hot spot of transformers. The transformer hot spot temperature is one of the most critical parameter in determining the life of transformer paper insulation. The simulation (Matlab Software Package) is based on related international standards as the IEC 60076-7:2005 loading guide method. Load and ambient temperatures of the transformer obtain from General Electrical Company and meteorology office of Libya are used as the input for the simulation together with transformer parameters from heat run test. Hottest spot temperature and loss-of-life are calculated. Lifetime of transformer is predicted. Keywords: Hot-spot temperature, power transformer, top-oil temperature, loss of life